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Gonadorelin research

What published studies found for Gonadorelin: 7 papers, 4 in humans, with sample sizes and key results, plus 78 registered clinical trials.

B
Some human evidence
Why: Human data are small: four tiny RCTs (57 women) of pulsatile GnRH, non-randomized fertility studies in hypogonadism and diagnostic-test use.

Gonadorelin is synthetic native GnRH; human evidence supports pulsatile pump delivery for inducing puberty, sperm production and ovulation in hypothalamic/hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, but trials are small and mostly non-randomized. It is also a standard diagnostic stimulation test and is widely used in cattle breeding protocols. No studies in the candidates address its popular use alongside testosterone therapy to preserve testicular function, and it is a WADA-banned substance because it raises testosterone in men.

✓ 4 positive? 3 inconclusive

Human data come from medically supervised pulsatile pump therapy in hypogonadism; there is no published safety or efficacy data in the candidates for intermittent injection alongside testosterone or in healthy men.

Browse and filter these papersGonadorelin prices and vendors

Reported side effects

Registered clinical trials

78 trials of Gonadorelin on ClinicalTrials.gov: 14 active, 35 completed, 11 with posted results. Registered trials include ones that haven't published yet.

TrialStatusPhasePeopleSponsor
Real-life Evaluation of the Effect of ADT in Prostate Cancer Patients in Asia (READT Asia Study)NCT03703778 · started 2016-05-22Active, not recruiting–300Chinese University of Hong Kong
Artificial Cycle With or Without GnRH Agonist Pre-treatment for Frozen Embryo Transfer in Adenomyosis PatientsNCT06239376 · started 2024-02-19Recruiting–222Mỹ Đức Hospital
A Study of Salvage Radiotherapy With or Without Enzalutamide in Recurrent Prostate Cancer Following SurgeryNCT03809000 · started 2019-04-15 · results postedActive, not recruitingPhase 2188RTOG Foundation, Inc.
Benefit of GnRH Agonist Before Frozen Embryo Transfer in Patients With Endometriosis and/or AdenomyosisNCT04356664 · started 2021-03-18RecruitingPhase 2, Phase 3180Hopital Foch
GnRH Agonist Pretreatment in Persistent Chronic Endometritis Undergoing FETNCT07642700 · started 2026-06-01Not yet recruiting–150Guoxia Yang
Effect of GnRH Agonist in FETNCT07653282 · started 2026-08-01Not yet recruitingPhase 1, Phase 2122Assiut University
Ultra-Long GnRH-a Pretreatment for FET Outcomes in Patients With Deep Infiltrating EndometriosisNCT07696351 · started 2025-08-01RecruitingPhase 4120Li-jun Ding
A Study of Radiation Dosimetry, Safety, and Tolerability of Extended Lutetium (177Lu) Vipivotide Tetraxetan Treatment in Chemo-naïve Adults With Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer: RADIOpharmaceutical DOSimetry Evaluation (RADIODOSE) StudyNCT06531499 · started 2024-11-11RecruitingPhase 1106Novartis Pharmaceuticals
GnRHa + Letrozole in Non-obese Progestin-insensitive Endometrial Cancer and Atypical Hyperplasia PatientsNCT05316935 · started 2022-07-13RecruitingPhase 2, Phase 380Xiaojun Chen
A Study to Learn How Enzalutamide, Apalutamide and Bicalutamide Affect the Way Fezolinetant is Processed in Men With Prostate CancerNCT07783282 · started 2026-08-31Not yet recruitingPhase 156Astellas Pharma Global Development, Inc.
GnRH Therapy on Cognition in Down SyndromeNCT04390646 · started 2020-08-27RecruitingPhase 2, Phase 356Nelly Pitteloud
Ovarian Hormone Regulation of Central and Cerebrovascular Hemodynamics (NoMEN Study)NCT05057546 · started 2021-11-22Active, not recruitingPhase 455University of Colorado, Denver

All 78 Gonadorelin trials, with countries and recruiting status

Meta-analyses & systematic reviews

✓ Positivemeta-analysisEur J Endocrinol · 2024

Gonadotropins for pubertal induction in males with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: systematic review and meta-analysis.

n = 5,328 humansSystematic review and meta-analysisMedian treatment/follow-up 18 months (IQR 10.5-24)

Systematic review of 103 studies (5,328 males with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism; GnRH used in 28% of studies): gonadotropin/GnRH therapy increased testicular volume, penile size and testosterone in over 98% of analyses, though heterogeneity was high and randomized studies are lacking.

Key resultSpermatogenesis rates were 86% (95% CI 82%-91%) with hCG + FSH vs 40% (95% CI 25%-56%) with hCG alone; significant increases in testicular volume, penile size and testosterone in over 98% of analyses
Studied
Males with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism treated with gonadotropins for pubertal induction
Compared with
hCG alone vs hCG + FSH (spermatogenesis)
Main outcome
Testicular volume, penile size, testosterone, spermatogenesis
Sample
103 studies, 5328 patients
Authors' conclusion
The review provides convincing evidence of gonadotropin efficacy for pubertal induction, but treatment choice, dose, duration and outcomes are very heterogeneous; formal guidelines and randomized studies are needed.
Limitations
High study heterogeneity and treatment variability.
PubMed 38128110DOIFree full text
Figure 4.: Meta-analysis of proportions for spermatogenesis achieved by hCG + FSH in patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism—pooled proportion (ran
Figure 4.. From PMC10773669, CC BY (terms); resized.
? Inconclusivesystematic reviewCochrane Database Syst Rev · 2004

Pulsatile gonadotrophin releasing hormone for ovulation induction in subfertility associated with polycystic ovary syndrome.

n = 57 humansCochrane systematic review of randomised trials1 to 3 cycles follow-up

Cochrane review of pulsatile GnRH for ovulation induction in PCOS found only 4 small RCTs (57 women), too small and short to prove or discard any benefit on pregnancy.

Key resultOngoing pregnancy OR 7.5 (95% CI 0.44 to 127) for GnRH after GnRHa pretreatment vs GnRH only, from a single trial
Studied
Subfertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Compared with
HMG, FSH, GnRH only, clomiphene (one trial per comparison)
Main outcome
Ongoing pregnancy, ovulation, ovarian hyperstimulation, multiple pregnancy
Sample
4 randomised trials, 57 women
Authors' conclusion
The four small, short trials were too small to prove or discard the value of pulsatile GnRH in PCOS.
Limitations
Only one trial per comparison; trials small and short.
PubMed 14973957DOIFree full text

Human studies

✓ Positivehuman trialAm J Mens Health · 2019

The Pulsatile Gonadorelin Pump Induces Earlier Spermatogenesis Than Cyclical Gonadotropin Therapy in Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism Men.

Twenty-eight azoospermic men (10 pulsatile gonadorelin pump, 18 cyclical gonadotropin therapy)Nonrandomized comparative study24 months

Non-randomized study of 28 azoospermic men with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: a pulsatile gonadorelin pump produced sperm earlier than hCG/hMG (median 6 vs 14 months), with similar overall success (90% vs 83%).

Key resultMedian time to spermatogenesis 6 vs 14 months (pump vs cyclical gonadotropin; p = .01); spermatogenesis occurred in 90% vs 83.3%
Studied
Azoospermic men with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
Compared with
Cyclical hCG/HMG gonadotropin therapy
Main outcome
Earliest time to spermatogenesis
Authors' conclusion
The pulsatile gonadorelin pump resulted in earlier spermatogenesis and more desirable testosterone levels than cyclical gonadotropin therapy; final spermatogenesis rates did not differ significantly.
Limitations
Nonrandomized; small groups.
PubMed 30569789DOIFree full text
? Inconclusivehuman observationalAnn Pediatr Endocrinol Metab · 2024

Effectiveness of the triptorelin stimulation test compared with the classic gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test in diagnosing central precocious puberty in girls.

n = 100 humansRetrospective comparison of two stimulation tests

Retrospective comparison in 100 girls with premature thelarche: intravenous gonadorelin (the classic GnRH stimulation test, 50 girls) identified central precocious puberty in about 20% vs 24% with subcutaneous triptorelin (p=0.52); a diagnostic-test study, not a treatment trial.

Key resultCPP diagnosed in about 20% (gonadorelin) vs 24% (triptorelin), P=0.52; mean peak LH 8.15 vs 9.73 mIU/mL
Studied
Girls with premature thelarche evaluated for central precocious puberty
Main outcome
Peak LH and rate of CPP diagnosis
Sample
100 girls (50 gonadorelin, 50 triptorelin)
Authors' conclusion
The triptorelin test gave similar LH response and diagnostic rate to the gonadorelin test and may be a valid alternative.
Limitations
Retrospective, diagnostic use only; gonadorelin is the comparator and no treatment effect is measured.
PubMed 38712492DOIFree full text

Reviews

? InconclusivereviewDrug Saf · 1994

Adverse effects of fertility drugs.

No new dataNarrative review of adverse effects

Review of fertility-drug adverse effects: pulsatile GnRH may cause effects similar to gonadotropins (ovarian hyperstimulation, multiple gestation) but at a far lower incidence.

Studied
Ovulation-induction agents (clomifene, bromocriptine, gonadotrophins, GnRH and analogues)
Main outcome
Adverse effects of fertility drugs
Authors' conclusion
Pulsatile GnRH therapy may have adverse effects similar to gonadotrophins but with a far lower incidence; ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and multiple gestation are notable gonadotrophin risks.
Limitations
Narrative review; the link between fertility drugs and ovarian cancer is controversial.
PubMed 7727051DOI

Human studies

✓ Positivecase reportBeijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban · 2014

[Micropump infusion of gonadorelin in the treatment of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in patients with pituitary stalk interruption syndrome: cases analysis and literature review].

Two casesCase report of two patients with literature review12 weeks follow-up

Two patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism from pituitary stalk interruption syndrome: 12 weeks of pulsed gonadorelin via micropump raised gonadotropin levels and improved androgen-deficiency symptoms.

Studied
Patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism caused by pituitary stalk interruption syndrome
Main outcome
Androgen deficiency syndrome and gonadotropin levels
Authors' conclusion
Pulse infusion of gonadorelin via micropump improved androgen deficiency symptoms and gonadotropin levels, and is an alternative treatment for this condition.
Limitations
Only two cases; no control.
PubMed 25131486

Animal & lab studies

✓ PositiveanimalJ Dairy Sci · 2026

Increasing gonadorelin hydrochloride dose at the first GnRH of breeding Ovsynch enhances luteinizing hormone release, ovulatory response, and pregnancy in first-service lactating dairy cows.

n = 6,621 animalsBlocked 2x2 factorial field trial of GnRH dose within a synchronization protocol

Herd-level randomized comparison in 6,621 lactating dairy cows: 200 ug vs 100 ug gonadorelin at the first GnRH of Double-Ovsynch raised pregnancy per insemination (51.8% vs 48.6%), mainly in multiparous cows (50.7% vs 45.4%); veterinary use.

Key resultP/AI 51.8% with 200 ug vs 48.6% with 100 ug; multiparous cows 50.7% vs 45.4%
Studied
First-service lactating dairy cows on 4 commercial dairies
Compared with
100 ug gonadorelin
Main outcome
Pregnancy per artificial insemination, ovulatory response, LH release
Sample
6,621 cows (3,310 at 100 ug, 3,311 at 200 ug)
Authors' conclusion
The higher gonadorelin dose enhanced LH release, ovulatory response and pregnancy per AI in first-service cows.
Limitations
Cattle reproductive protocol; does not bear on human use.
PubMed 41698585DOI

Verdicts are judged on each paper's own main outcome; grades run from A (strong human evidence) to D (little or none). Details are read from the abstracts, and figures are reproduced only from openly licensed full texts. Not medical advice.