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Research

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What published studies actually found for each peptide: 861 papers from PubMed, Europe PMC and Russian journals across 112 compounds, with sample sizes, key results and figures where the paper's license allows. Verdicts and grades are read from the abstracts.

861papers
429human trials & reviews
58compounds with human evidence (A–B)
109papers with figures
861 papers

Meta-analyses & systematic reviews 102

~ Mixedmeta-analysis 2025

Controlled ovarian stimulation protocols for assisted reproduction: a network meta-analysis.

Humans59k people338 RCTs pooled

Cochrane network meta-analysis of 338 RCTs (59,086 women) of ovarian stimulation protocols; in predicted high responders on antagonist protocols, hMG may reduce OHSS vs rFSH (RR 0.45) but may increase cycle cancellation (RR 5.98), with low-certainty evidence; most other comparisons showed no confident differences.

Cochrane Database Syst Rev
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2025

Therapeutic strategies in vascular cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Humans22k people173 trials pooled

Broad meta-analysis of 173 vascular cognitive impairment trials: cerebrolysin was among interventions with small-to-moderate cognitive improvements, with overall low certainty of evidence.

Alzheimers Dement
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2025

The Effect of the L-Carnitine Supplementation on Obesity Indices: An Umbrella Meta-Analysis.

Humans16k people8 meta-analyses pooledInterventions of 8 to 30 weeks

Umbrella meta-analysis of 8 meta-analyses (16,352 participants): L-carnitine reduced body weight (effect size -1.11), BMI and waist circumference, though heterogeneity was high.

Int J Vitam Nutr Res
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2025

The Effect of the L-Carnitine Supplementation on Obesity Indices: An Umbrella Meta-Analysis.

Humans16k people8 meta-analyses pooledInterventions of 8 to 30 weeks

Umbrella meta-analysis of oral L-carnitine (one common Lipo-C ingredient): modest reductions in weight, BMI and waist circumference; it says nothing about the injected blend.

Int J Vitam Nutr Res
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2021

Botulinum toxin type A for facial wrinkles.

Humans15k people65 RCTs pooledIncluded studies lasted 1 week to 1 year

Cochrane review of 65 RCTs (14,919 participants): onabotulinumtoxinA 20 U for glabellar lines had far higher participant-assessed success than placebo at week 4 (RR 19.45), but probably more major adverse events, mainly eyelid ptosis (Peto OR 3.62).

Cochrane Database Syst Rev
✗ Negativemeta-analysis 2009

Erythropoietin or Darbepoetin for patients with cancer--meta-analysis based on individual patient data.

Humans14k people53 trials pooledRandomized trials

An individual-patient meta-analysis of 53 trials and 13,933 cancer patients found erythropoiesis-stimulating agents increased on-study mortality (hazard ratio 1.17, 95% CI 1.06-1.30) and worsened overall survival.

Cochrane Database Syst Rev
~ Mixedmeta-analysis 2023

Cerebrolysin in Patients with TBI: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Humans8,749 people10 studies pooled

Meta-analysis of 10 retrospective and prospective TBI studies (8,749 patients): improvements in GCS and GOS, but no effect on mortality or length of stay.

Brain Sci
? Inconclusivemeta-analysis 2025

Vitamin B12, folate, and homocysteine levels in children and adolescents with obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Humans7,791 people20 studies pooled

Meta-analysis of 20 observational studies (7,791 children/adolescents): vitamin B12 levels did not differ significantly between those with and without obesity; homocysteine was higher in obesity.

Front Public Health
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2022

Aromatase inhibitors versus tamoxifen in premenopausal women with oestrogen receptor-positive early-stage breast cancer treated with ovarian suppression: a patient-level meta-analysis of 7030 women from four randomised trials.

Humans7,030 peopleRandomized trialsMedian follow-up 8.0 years

Patient-level meta-analysis of 7,030 premenopausal women receiving ovarian suppression (goserelin or triptorelin): an aromatase inhibitor reduced breast cancer recurrence vs tamoxifen (RR 0.79), without a difference in mortality; more fractures with aromatase inhibitors.

Lancet Oncol
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2024

Efficacy and safety of teriparatide vs. bisphosphonates and denosumab vs. bisphosphonates in osteoporosis not previously treated with bisphosphonates: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Humans6,680 people23 trials pooledRandomized trialsTreatment cycles of over 12 months

Meta-analysis of 23 head-to-head RCTs (6,680 patients): teriparatide lowered fracture risk vs bisphosphonates (RR 0.61) and raised spine and hip bone density, with no overall increase in adverse events.

Arch Osteoporos
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2025

Efficacy of sublingual and oral vitamin B12 versus intramuscular administration: insights from a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Humans6,098 people16 studies pooledRandomized trials

Meta-analysis of 16 studies (6,098 participants): B12 raised blood cobalamin and lowered homocysteine, with no significant difference between oral, sublingual and injected routes.

Front Pharmacol
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2025

The effect of topical and intraurethral alprostadil on erectile function: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Humans5,869 people

Meta-analysis of 11 RCTs and 4 non-randomized studies (5,869 men): topical alprostadil improved IIEF score by 4.7 points vs placebo and intraurethral alprostadil also improved ED vs placebo; study quality was low and heterogeneity high.

Andrology
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2024

Gonadotropins for pubertal induction in males with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Humans5,328 people103 studies pooledMedian treatment/follow-up 18 months (IQR 10.5-24)

Systematic review of 103 studies (5,328 males with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism; GnRH used in 28% of studies): gonadotropin/GnRH therapy increased testicular volume, penile size and testosterone in over 98% of analyses, though heterogeneity was high and randomized studies are lacking.

Eur J Endocrinol
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2024

Gonadotropins for pubertal induction in males with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Humans5,328 people103 studies pooledMedian treatment/follow-up 18 months (IQR 10.5-24)

Systematic review and meta-analysis of 103 studies (5,328 males with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism): gonadotropins increased testicular volume, penile size and testosterone in over 98% of analyses; spermatogenesis 40% with hCG alone vs 86% with hCG plus FSH; heterogeneity high and few RCTs.

Eur J Endocrinol
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2026

Cagrilintide and CagriSema for weight reduction and metabolic risk modification in overweight or obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Humans5,023 people4 trials pooled

Pooling 4 trials (5,023 participants), cagrilintide alone reduced weight by 6.08% vs placebo and CagriSema by 5.98% (pooled estimate); adverse events were more frequent but discontinuation rates were similar to placebo.

J Diabetes Metab Disord
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2023

Efficacy of melatonin and ramelteon for the acute and long-term management of insomnia disorder in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Humans4,875 people22 studies pooled

22 studies in insomnia disorder: prolonged-release melatonin gave small-to-medium improvements in sleep onset latency (~5–6 min) and sleep efficiency vs placebo.

J Sleep Res
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2026

Novel Amylin-Based Therapies for Weight Management in Adults With Overweight or Obesity Without Diabetes: A Network Meta-Analysis.

Humans4,642 people6 trials pooledRandomized trials12-68 weeks

Network meta-analysis of 6 trials (4,642 people) estimated high-dose eloralintide at about 18% more weight loss than placebo, with more GI adverse events; authors rate the data as sparse and low-certainty.

Endocrinol Diabetes Metab
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2024

Efficacy of different routes of vitamin B12 supplementation for the treatment of patients with vitamin B12 deficiency: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Humans4,275 people13 studies pooled

Network meta-analysis of 13 studies (4,275 patients): oral, sublingual and intramuscular B12 all raised B12 levels effectively, with no significant differences between routes.

Ir J Med Sci
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 1997

Effects of acadesine on myocardial infarction, stroke, and death following surgery. A meta-analysis of the 5 international randomized trials. The Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia (McSPI) Research Group.

Humans4,043 people5 trials pooledRandomized trials

Patient-level meta-analysis of 5 RCTs (4,043 bypass surgery patients): acadesine cut perioperative myocardial infarction by 27% and early cardiac death by 50%; stroke was not significantly reduced.

JAMA
~ Mixedmeta-analysis 2022

Safety of higher doses of melatonin in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Humans3,861 people79 studies pooledRandomized trials

Safety review of high-dose (≥10 mg) melatonin RCTs: no detectable increase in serious adverse events, but more adverse events such as drowsiness, headache and dizziness (rate ratio 1.40).

J Pineal Res
~ Mixedmeta-analysis 2022

Efficacy and Safety of Semaglutide for Weight Loss in Obesity Without Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Humans3,613 people

Pooling 4 RCTs (3,613 people), semaglutide reduced weight by 11.85% vs placebo but raised risk of GI adverse events (RR 1.59), discontinuation (RR 2.19) and serious adverse events (RR 1.60), mostly GI/hepatobiliary such as pancreatitis and gallstones.

J ASEAN Fed Endocr Soc
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2024

The Fracture Incidence and Safety of Teriparatide and Bisphosphonate in Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis: A Meta-Analysis.

Humans3,376 people5 RCTs pooled

Meta-analysis of RCTs vs bisphosphonates in postmenopausal women: fewer new and clinical vertebral fractures with teriparatide; adverse events similar overall but dizziness was more frequent with teriparatide.

Altern Ther Health Med
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2020

Effects of l-carnitine supplementation on weight loss and body composition: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 37 randomized controlled clinical trials with dose-response analysis.

Humans2,292 people37 RCTs pooled

Meta-analysis of 37 RCTs (2,292 adults): L-carnitine lowered body weight by 1.21 kg and fat mass by 2.08 kg versus control; no significant effect on waist circumference or body-fat percent.

Clin Nutr ESPEN
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2024

The Effects of L-Carnitine Supplementation on Weight Loss, Glycemic Control, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Dose-response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Humans2,041 people21 RCTs pooled

Meta-analysis of 21 RCTs in 2,041 people with type 2 diabetes: small reductions in BMI, HbA1c, LDL cholesterol and fasting glucose; authors urge caution because of very high heterogeneity.

Clin Ther
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2013

Meta-analysis: melatonin for the treatment of primary sleep disorders.

Humans1,683 people19 studies pooledRandomized trials

19 RCTs (1,683 people) with primary sleep disorders: melatonin shortened sleep latency by ~7 min, increased total sleep by ~8 min and improved sleep quality; effects modest.

PLoS One
✗ Negativemeta-analysis 2017

Cerebrolysin for functional recovery in patients with acute ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Humans1,649 peopleRandomized trialsPrimary outcome at Day 90

Meta-analysis of 6 RCTs (1,649 acute stroke patients): no significant effect on day-90 functional recovery (mRS, NIHSS, Barthel); adverse events not increased.

Drug Des Devel Ther
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2021

Hyaluronic Acid Is an Effective Dermal Filler for Lip Augmentation: A Meta-Analysis.

Humans1,496 peopleResponders assessed at 2, 6 and 12 months

Meta-analysis of HA lip augmentation (32 records, 10 pooled): responders with increased lip fullness 91% at 2 months, 74% at 6 months and 46% at 12 months; tenderness 88.8%, swelling 74.3%, bruising 39.5%; rare granulomas (0.6%), herpes labialis (0.6%) and angioedema (0.3%).

Front Surg
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2015

Efficacy and Safety of Botulinum Toxin Type A in the Treatment of Glabellar Lines: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Trials.

Humans1,474 peopleRandomized trials

Seven placebo-controlled RCTs (1,474 subjects) of 20 U for glabellar lines: investigator-rated effective rate far higher than placebo (RR 33.54) with no significant difference in adverse-event frequency.

Plast Reconstr Surg
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2024

Effect of survodutide, a glucagon and GLP-1 receptor dual agonist, on weight loss: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Humans1,029 people

Meta-analysis of survodutide RCTs (18 treatment arms, 1,029 participants): weight fell 8.33 kg more than control, with larger effects at higher doses and over longer treatment; heterogeneity was very high (I2 above 99%).

Diabetol Metab Syndr
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2022

Monophasic versus biphasic hyaluronic acid filler for correcting nasolabial folds: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Humans935 people11 RCTs pooled

Meta-analysis of 11 RCTs (935 people) comparing monophasic and biphasic HA fillers for nasolabial folds: monophasic fillers gave somewhat better wrinkle-severity and aesthetic-improvement scores, with no difference in adverse events.

J Cosmet Dermatol
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2016

The effect of (L-)carnitine on weight loss in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Humans911 people9 RCTs pooled

Meta-analysis of 9 RCTs (911 adults): carnitine groups lost 1.33 kg more than controls, but the effect shrank the longer supplementation continued.

Obes Rev
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2026

Efficacy and Safety of Tesamorelin in People Living With HIV (PLWH) With Lipodystrophy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Humans909 people4 RCTs pooled

Across 4 RCTs (909 patients), tesamorelin reduced visceral fat, waist and trunk fat and increased lean mass; GH-related adverse effects and a trend to more discontinuations (RR 2.25, p = 0.06) were noted, with limited long-term safety data.

J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2025

Efficacy and safety of retatrutide, a novel GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptor agonist for obesity treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Humans878 people3 RCTs pooled

Pooling 3 RCTs (878 patients), retatrutide reduced body weight by 14.33% vs placebo and improved glucose and blood pressure, with no significant difference in overall adverse events; authors call for longer trials.

Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent)
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2012

Growth hormone for children with chronic kidney disease.

Humans809 people16 studies pooledRandomized trialsMostly one year

In 16 RCTs (809 children with CKD), one year of GH increased height velocity by 3.88 cm/year vs control with side effects similar to control; effect on final height unknown.

Cochrane Database Syst Rev
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2025

Thymosin alpha 1 alleviates inflammation and prevents infection in patients with severe acute pancreatitis through immune regulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Humans706 people5 RCTs pooled

Meta-analysis in severe acute pancreatitis: thymosin alpha-1 reduced infections outside the pancreas (RR 0.56) and illness-severity scores but not hospital stay; authors call for more validation.

Front Immunol
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2024

Efficacy and safety of Mazdutide on weight loss among diabetic and non-diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Humans680 people7 RCTs pooled

Pooling 7 RCTs (680 participants), mazdutide reduced body weight by 6.22% vs placebo and improved blood pressure and lipids, with more transient mild-moderate GI side effects.

Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)
✗ Negativemeta-analysis 2025

Aviptadil Therapy in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Humans665 people9 studies pooled

Meta-analysis of 9 studies (2 RCTs, 7 case series; 665 ARDS patients): pooled RCT survival odds were unchanged vs placebo (OR 1.01); uncontrolled case series reported better oxygenation.

Indian J Crit Care Med
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2024

Effects of once-weekly subcutaneous retatrutide on weight and metabolic markers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Humans640 people3 studies pooledRandomized trials

Pooling 3 RCTs (640 patients), retatrutide reduced weight by 10.66 kg vs placebo, with more non-severe GI and hypersensitivity adverse events.

Metabol Open
? Inconclusivemeta-analysis 2019

Cerebrolysin for vascular dementia.

Humans597 people6 RCTs pooledFollow-up ranged from 15 days to three years

Cochrane review of 6 RCTs (597 people) in vascular dementia: improved cognition (SMD 0.36) and global function, but very-low-quality evidence with high risk of bias; benefits may be too small to matter.

Cochrane Database Syst Rev
~ Mixedmeta-analysis 2018

Intranasal oxytocin, social cognition and neurodevelopmental disorders: A meta-analysis.

Humans466 people17 RCTs pooled

Meta-analysis of 17 RCTs (466 people with neurodevelopmental disorders): small significant effect on theory of mind, none on emotion recognition.

Psychoneuroendocrinology
~ Mixedmeta-analysis 2021

Potential use of glutathione as a treatment for Parkinson's disease.

Humans450 people7 RCTs pooled

Meta-analysis of 7 RCTs (450 Parkinson's patients): glutathione mildly improved motor scores (UPDRS III) but not daily-living or mental scores, with no increase in side effects.

Exp Ther Med
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2024

Efficacy and Safety of Cagrilintide Alone and in Combination with Semaglutide (Cagrisema) as Anti-Obesity Medications: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Humans430 people3 RCTs pooled20-32 weeks

Pooling 3 RCTs (430 people), CagriSema gave about 9% more weight loss than semaglutide alone, with more GI events and vomiting; cagrilintide alone was similar to semaglutide/liraglutide with less vomiting.

Indian J Endocrinol Metab
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2008

The effect of growth hormone replacement on exercise capacity in patients with GH deficiency: a metaanalysis.

Humans268 peopleRandomized trials

Across 11 placebo-controlled RCTs (268 GH-deficient adults), GH replacement modestly improved maximal power output and oxygen uptake (overall effect size +0.32).

J Clin Endocrinol Metab
✗ Negativemeta-analysis 2026

Hyaluronidase Protocol in Management of Hyaluronic Acid Filler-Related Vascular Complications: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Humans231 people21 studies pooledRandomized trials

Meta-analysis of 21 studies (231 patients) with HA-filler vascular complications: skin necrosis occurred in 60.6% and visual impairment in 52.8% of these cases; hyaluronidase resolved necrosis in 78.4% and visual impairment in 45.2%, better if given within 6 hours.

Aesthetic Plast Surg
~ Mixedmeta-analysis 2007

Systematic review: the safety and efficacy of growth hormone in the healthy elderly.

Humans220 peopleRandomized trialsMean treatment 27 weeks

Across 18 RCT populations of healthy older adults (mean age 69), GH reduced fat mass 2.1 kg and raised lean mass 2.1 kg, but increased edema, arthralgia, carpal tunnel syndrome and gynecomastia; authors concluded it cannot be recommended as anti-aging therapy.

Ann Intern Med
~ Mixedmeta-analysis 2008

Comparison of the efficacy of thymosin alpha-1 and interferon alpha in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: a meta-analysis.

Humans199 people4 RCTs pooled6 months treatment and 6 months post-treatment follow-up

Meta-analysis of 4 RCTs (199 chronic hepatitis B patients): thymosin alpha-1 was not better than interferon alpha at end of therapy but had higher virological and biochemical response 6 months after treatment.

Antiviral Res
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2021

Cerebrolysin after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury: prospective meta-analysis of the CAPTAIN trial series.

Humans185 peopleRandomized trialsOutcomes at Day 10, 30 and 90

Prospective meta-analysis of two RCTs (185 patients) in moderate-severe traumatic brain injury: small-to-medium benefit on a combined outcome at days 30 and 90; similar safety to placebo.

Neurol Sci
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2017

Meta-Analysis of Paediatric Patients with Central Precocious Puberty Treated with Intramuscular Triptorelin 11.25 mg 3-Month Prolonged-Release Formulation
.

Humans153 people3 and 6 months

Meta-analysis of 153 children with central precocious puberty: the 3-month triptorelin formulation suppressed the LH response in 87.6% at 3 months and 92.8% at 6 months.

Horm Res Paediatr
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2026

Female Sexual Desire, Arousal, and Orgasmic Dysfunctions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Treatment Options.

Humanssize not reported36 studies pooled

Systematic review and meta-analysis of treatments for female desire/arousal/orgasm dysfunction: bremelanotide improved total FSFI and its desire and arousal subscales and reduced distress.

J Minim Invasive Gynecol
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2026

Efficacy and Safety of Dual GLP-1/Glucagon Receptor Agonism in Overweight and Obesity: A Class-Specific Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Humanssize not reported19 RCTs pooled

Class-specific meta-analysis of 19 RCTs of GLP-1/glucagon dual agonists (including survodutide): weight fell by 7.15% more than control and serious adverse events did not differ (RR 0.90), though any adverse event was more frequent (RR 1.16); it covers several drugs, not survodutide alone.

Diabetes Obes Metab
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2026

Body composition, hepatic fat, metabolic, and safety outcomes of Tesamorelin, a GHRH analogue, in HIV-associated lipodystrophy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Humans5 randomized controlled trialsRandomized trials

Across 5 RCTs in adults with HIV, tesamorelin reduced visceral fat (-27.7 cm²), trunk fat and liver fat (-4.3%) and increased lean mass (+1.4 kg) vs placebo, without changing glucose; arthralgia, myalgia, paresthesia and injection-site reactions were reported.

Obes Res Clin Pract
~ Mixedmeta-analysis 2025

The Effect of Local Hyaluronic Acid Injection on Skin Aging: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Humanssize not reported12 studies pooled

Meta-analysis of HA injections for skin aging (6 studies pooled): improved hydration (SMD 1.34) and radiance (SMD 0.51), but no significant change in elasticity or melanin index.

J Cosmet Dermatol
~ Mixedmeta-analysis 2025

Oral Hyaluronic Acid Supplement: Efficacy in Skin Hydration, Elasticity, and Wrinkle Depth Reduction.

Humans7 randomized controlled trialsRandomized trials

Meta-analysis of 7 RCTs of oral HA supplements: significant improvements in skin hydration, elasticity and wrinkle depth vs placebo, but not in firmness, wrinkle volume or water loss; studies were small and heterogeneous.

J Drugs Dermatol
~ Mixedmeta-analysis 2025

Efficacy of thymosin α1 for sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Humans11 RCTs (967 patients thymosin, 960 control)11 RCTs pooled28-day mortality

Meta-analysis of sepsis RCTs found a possible 28-day mortality reduction overall, but no significant benefit in high-quality or multicenter trials, and the total sample was judged inadequate.

Front Cell Infect Microbiol
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2024

Optimizing the Time and Dose of Melatonin as a Sleep-Promoting Drug: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis.

Humans26 RCTs, 1689 observations26 RCTs pooled

Dose-response meta-analysis of 26 RCTs: melatonin reduced sleep onset latency and increased total sleep time, with effect peaking around 4 mg/day and when taken earlier before bed.

J Pineal Res
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2023

Efficacy and Safety of Botulinum Toxin Type A for Treatment of Glabellar Lines: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Humanssize not reportedRandomized trialsEndpoints at approximately month 1

Network meta-analysis of RCTs: all BoNT/A formulations were far superior to placebo for glabellar lines; daxibotulinumtoxinA ranked highest; no significant differences in adverse events among products.

Aesthetic Plast Surg
~ Mixedmeta-analysis 2023

The efficacy of intranasal oxytocin in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Humanssize not reported3 studies pooledRandomized trials

Meta-analysis of RCTs in Prader-Willi syndrome: no effect on hyperphagia or weight; some improvement on the Aberrant Behaviour Checklist.

Diabetes Metab Syndr
~ Mixedmeta-analysis 2023

The efficacy of thymosin alpha-1 therapy in moderate to critical COVID-19 patients: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression.

Humans8 studies8 studies pooled

Meta-analysis of 8 studies in moderate-to-critical COVID-19: lower mortality with thymosin alpha-1 (RR 0.59) but very high heterogeneity and no difference in need for ventilation or length of stay; authors call for RCTs.

Inflammopharmacology
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2022

Complications of Cosmetic Botulinum Toxin A Injections to the Upper Face: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Humanssize not reported24 studies pooledRandomized trials

Meta-analysis of 24 studies (4,268 injection sessions) of upper-face injections: overall complication rate 16%, mostly mild and transient (headache, local skin reactions, facial neuromuscular symptoms).

Aesthet Surg J
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2022

Glabellar Botulinum Toxin Injection Improves Depression Scores: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Humanssize not reported9 studies pooledPrimary endpoint 6 weeks after treatment

Meta-analysis of 9 prospective studies (5 RCTs) of glabellar onabotulinumtoxinA for depression: depression scores improved, with a weighted change of -8.39 points at 6 weeks in the RCTs.

Plast Reconstr Surg
✗ Negativemeta-analysis 2022

Comparative effects of pharmacological interventions for the acute and long-term management of insomnia disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Humanssize not reported170 trials pooledRandomized trials

Lancet network meta-analysis of 154 RCTs of insomnia drugs: melatonin did not show overall material benefit and was less effective than benzodiazepines and Z-drugs.

Lancet
~ Mixedmeta-analysis 2022

Efficacy of melatonin for chronic insomnia: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

Humans24 randomized controlled trialsRandomized trials

24 RCTs in chronic insomnia: melatonin was not significantly effective in adults but improved sleep onset and duration in children and adolescents.

Sleep Med Rev
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2022

Tirzepatide cardiovascular event risk assessment: a pre-specified meta-analysis.

Humanssize not reported7 trials pooled

Pooling 7 SURPASS trials (7,215 participants), tirzepatide did not increase major cardiovascular events vs controls (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.57-1.11).

Nat Med
✗ Negativemeta-analysis 2021

Intranasal Oxytocin for Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Humanssize not reportedRandomized trials

Meta-analysis of 9 RCTs in schizophrenia: no significant effect on negative or positive symptoms; a high-dose signal disappeared after removing one outlier.

Int J Neuropsychopharmacol
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2020

Beneficial effects of l-carnitine supplementation for weight management in overweight and obese adults: An updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Humans43 RCTs43 RCTs pooled

Meta-analysis of 43 RCTs: weight fell 1.13 kg and BMI 0.36 kg/m2 versus control, with effects seen only in overweight/obese adults; body-fat percentage and waist circumference did not change significantly.

Pharmacol Res
✗ Negativemeta-analysis 2017

Effects of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone for Osteoporosis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Humans13 randomized clinical trialsRandomized trials

In 13 RCTs of adults 50+ with normal pituitary function, GH did not significantly increase bone mineral density and was associated with a higher rate of adverse events.

Can J Aging
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2015

Cerebrolysin in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials.

Humanssize not reportedRandomized trials4 weeks and 6 months

Meta-analysis of 6 placebo-controlled RCTs in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease: better cognition at 4 weeks and global clinical change at 4 weeks and 6 months; safety comparable to placebo.

Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord
✓ Positivemeta-analysis 2015

Is melatonin useful for jet lag?

Humanssize not reported11 trials pooledRandomized trials

Pooled 11 randomized trials: oral melatonin probably reduces jet lag symptoms; adverse effects unclear but probably mild.

Medwave
✗ Negativemeta-analysis 2013

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone added to corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory disease.

Humans15 trials, over 4600 women15 trials pooledRandomized trials

Cochrane review (15 trials, >4,600 women): antenatal TRH added to steroids did not reduce infant death, RDS or chronic lung disease and increased need for respiratory support and low Apgar scores.

Cochrane Database Syst Rev
~ Mixedmeta-analysis 2008

Weight loss produced by tesofensine in patients with Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease.

Humanssize not reported4 trials pooledRandomized trials14 weeks

Pooling 4 RCTs (968 patients) without any diet program, 14 weeks of tesofensine gave dose-dependent weight loss up to about 4% vs placebo, with heart rate rising up to 6.8 beats/min.

Obesity (Silver Spring)
~ Mixedsystematic review 2006

Clinical benefits and risks associated with epoetin and darbepoetin in patients with chemotherapy-induced anemia: a systematic review of the literature.

Humans21k people40 studies pooled

A systematic review of 40 studies and 21,378 patients with chemotherapy-induced anaemia found epoetin and darbepoetin roughly halved transfusion need and modestly improved fatigue scores, with no statistically significant increase in venous thromboembolism or death in that analysis.

Clin Ther
✗ Negativesystematic review 2023

Cerebrolysin for acute ischaemic stroke.

Humans1,773 people7 RCTs pooled

Cochrane review of 7 RCTs (1,773 patients) in acute ischaemic stroke: little or no effect on all-cause death (RR 0.96); non-fatal serious adverse events increased (RR 2.39).

Cochrane Database Syst Rev
✓ Positivesystematic review 2024

Evaluation of safety and effectiveness of NAD in different clinical conditions: a systematic review.

Humans489 people10 studies pooledRandomized trials

Review of 10 RCTs (489 participants) of NADH and precursors: supplementation was well tolerated with reported improvements such as lower anxiety, better muscle insulin sensitivity and quality-of-life measures, though evidence for specific diseases is limited.

Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab
✗ Negativesystematic review 2008

Systematic review: the effects of growth hormone on athletic performance.

Humans303 peopleRandomized trialsMean 20 days for studies giving GH for >1 day

Across 27 RCT samples of fit young adults, GH increased lean body mass 2.1 kg but did not appear to improve strength or exercise capacity, and caused more soft-tissue edema and fatigue.

Ann Intern Med
✓ Positivesystematic review 2018

Oral vitamin B12 versus intramuscular vitamin B12 for vitamin B12 deficiency.

Humans153 people3 RCTs pooled3 to 4 months of treatment and follow-up

Cochrane review of 3 RCTs (153 people): oral and intramuscular B12 normalised blood B12 similarly in deficiency (low-quality evidence), with oral treatment costing less.

Cochrane Database Syst Rev
? Inconclusivesystematic review 2004

Pulsatile gonadotrophin releasing hormone for ovulation induction in subfertility associated with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Humans57 people4 trials pooledRandomized trials1 to 3 cycles follow-up

Cochrane review of pulsatile GnRH for ovulation induction in PCOS found only 4 small RCTs (57 women), too small and short to prove or discard any benefit on pregnancy.

Cochrane Database Syst Rev
✗ Negativesystematic review 2010

The role of methylene blue in serotonin syndrome: a systematic review.

Humans26 people

Review of 9 case reports and 2 audits: 26 patients developed acute confusion after IV methylene blue, 25 of whom were on serotonergic drugs, consistent with serotonin syndrome.

Psychosomatics
? Inconclusivesystematic review 2026

BPC 157 in Rodent Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: A Critical Review of Preclinical Evidence.

No new data

Critical review of rodent ischemia-reperfusion studies: BPC 157 was associated with less oxidative injury and inflammation, but the evidence is heterogeneous, with short observation periods and single doses; no meta-analysis; seen as hypothesis-generating, not established therapy.

Int J Mol Sci
? Inconclusivesystematic review 2026

Peptide Supplements and Their Therapeutic Applications in Sports Medicine.

No new data

Scoping review including CJC-1295 concluded that claimed musculoskeletal recovery and performance benefits are unsubstantiated by human trials and that these peptides should not be recommended.

Am J Sports Med
? Inconclusivesystematic review 2026

GHK-Cu as a Bioactive Metallopeptide and Drug-Delivery Cargo: Coordination Chemistry, Formulation Science, Therapeutic Evidence, and a Translational Roadmap.

No new data

Evidence-mapping review through 2026: preclinical data consistently support matrix remodeling, repair, anti-inflammatory and angiogenic effects, but clinical evidence is sparse and small; a 13-participant post-laser study was negative on objective endpoints. Authors conclude GHK-Cu is 'promising but unproven'.

Pharmaceutics
? Inconclusivesystematic review 2026

A Systematic Review of the Mechanisms and Therapeutic Applications of GHK-Cu (Glycyl-L-Histidyl-L-Lysine-Copper Complex) in Topical Microneedle Delivery: A Case for Expanded Clinical Trials.

No new data64 records retained from 1,247 screened

Review of 64 records (2005-2026) found a deep preclinical evidence base but thin, fragmented human data, mostly small cosmetic-cream trials, and no adequately powered published RCT of microneedle-delivered GHK-Cu.

Arch Intern Med Res
? Inconclusivesystematic review 2026

Peptide Supplements and Their Therapeutic Applications in Sports Medicine.

No new data

Scoping review of six peptides including ipamorelin found 67% of studies were animal-based and human studies were few and poorly controlled; claimed musculoskeletal benefits remain unsubstantiated.

Am J Sports Med
? Inconclusivesystematic review 2026

NAD⁺ supplementation for anti-aging and wellness: A PRISMA-guided systematic review of preclinical and clinical evidence.

Humans + animals113 studies pooled

Review of 33 human and 80 rodent studies: oral NR/NMN raised NAD+ markers and were well tolerated, but functional and healthspan effects were heterogeneous and often null; no outcome trials of IV or IM NAD+ were found.

Ageing Res Rev
? Inconclusivesystematic review 2026

[Pharmacological Activation of ERRα/β/γ as an Exercise Mimetic: Potential Therapeutic Applications].

Humans + animals

Systematic review of pan-ERR agonists (2020-2024, animal and cell studies only): exercise-like gene programs, less adiposity and better glucose control in rodents, but efficacy and safety in humans are untested.

Rev Med Chil
? Inconclusivesystematic review 2025

Emerging Use of BPC-157 in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: A Systematic Review.

Humans + animals36 studies pooled

Systematic review of 36 studies (35 preclinical, 1 clinical) for musculoskeletal injury: animal models showed improved tendon, ligament, muscle and bone healing, but evidence is level IV/V and no clinical safety data were found.

HSS J
~ Mixedsystematic review 2025

Glutathione as a skin-lightening agent and in melasma: a systematic review.

No new data5 RCTs pooled

Systematic review of skin-lightening and melasma studies: oral (250-500 mg/day) and topical glutathione gave moderate, localized-to-generalized lightening that faded after stopping; the single placebo-controlled IV study was not significant (37.5% vs 18.7%), and IV use was judged contraindicated.

Int J Dermatol
✓ Positivesystematic review 2025

PTH1 receptor agonists for fracture risk: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Humanssize not reported17 studies pooled

Network meta-analysis of 11 RCTs and 6 real-world studies: teriparatide and abaloparatide both reduced vertebral and non-vertebral fractures vs placebo, with abaloparatide slightly better for non-vertebral and hip fractures; no increased cardiovascular risk.

Osteoporos Int
~ Mixedsystematic review 2025

The Neurological Sequelae of Vitamin B12 Deficiency: A Systematic Review and Randomized Controlled Trial.

Humans10 RCTs10 RCTs pooled

Review of 10 RCTs: supplementation improved neurological symptoms in overt deficiency, but not cognitive or neurological outcomes in older adults with subclinical deficiency.

Cureus
~ Mixedsystematic review 2024

Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Healthy Athletes: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses.

No new data

An umbrella review of performance-enhancing drugs in healthy athletes concluded that recombinant EPO raises haemoglobin and aerobic measures but carries thrombotic risk, and noted the evidence base for performance gain in competition is weak.

Sports Health
✓ Positivesystematic review 2024

Adverse Events Associated with Hyaluronic Acid Filler Injection for Non-surgical Facial Aesthetics: A Systematic Review of High Level of Evidence Studies.

Humans48 randomized controlled studiesRandomized trials

Systematic review of 48 randomized studies of facial HA fillers: most adverse events were short-lived injection-site reactions; severe events such as severe edema and angioedema were rare but sometimes required treatment.

Aesthetic Plast Surg
~ Mixedsystematic review 2024

Treatment of Narcolepsy Type 1 With Orexin: A Systematic Review.

No new data3 studies pooledRandomized trials

Systematic review of 3 human trials in narcolepsy type 1: orexin A reduced wake-REM transitions and REM time but did not increase wake time or relieve daytime sleepiness.

Cureus
? Inconclusivesystematic review 2023

Humanin and Its Pathophysiological Roles in Aging: A Systematic Review.

No new data

Systematic review of humanin in aging: possible roles in cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration and cancer, with mechanisms not yet clarified and further research needed.

Biology (Basel)
✓ Positivesystematic review 2023

Effectiveness and Safety of Treatments to Prevent Fractures in People With Low Bone Mass or Primary Osteoporosis: A Living Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis for the American College of Physicians.

Humanssize not reported34 RCTs pooled

Living network meta-analysis for the American College of Physicians (34 RCTs): teriparatide reduced clinical and radiographic vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women but increased withdrawals due to adverse events (moderate-to-high certainty).

Ann Intern Med
~ Mixedsystematic review 2020

Effect of erythropoietin on athletic performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Humanssize not reported

A systematic review and meta-analysis found low-to-moderate quality evidence that rHuEPO improves haematological measures, maximal power output and time to exhaustion versus placebo, but almost only at maximal intensities less relevant to actual competition.

BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med
~ Mixedsystematic review 2020

The bright and the dark sides of L-carnitine supplementation: a systematic review.

Humans11 studies in healthy humans11 studies pooled12 or 24 weeks

Review of 11 studies of 12-24 weeks of oral L-carnitine in healthy people: some gains in muscle carnitine and function in specific groups, but supplementation raised fasting plasma TMAO, a compound suspected to be pro-atherogenic.

J Int Soc Sports Nutr
✗ Negativesystematic review 2020

Pharmacotherapies for sleep disturbances in dementia.

Humans9 RCTs; melatonin 5 studies, n = 2229 RCTs pooled8 to 10 weeks for melatonin

Cochrane review of people with Alzheimer's dementia: melatonin up to 10 mg had little or no effect on any major sleep outcome; no serious adverse effects reported.

Cochrane Database Syst Rev
✓ Positivesystematic review 2020

Bremelanotide: New Drug Approved for Treating Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder.

Humanssize not reported

Review of phase 2 and 3 trials: significant improvement in desire and reduced distress, though clinical benefit 'may only be modest'; nausea 39.9%, flushing 20.4%, headache 11%.

Ann Pharmacother
✓ Positivesystematic review 2018

Cognitive benefits of angiotensin IV and angiotensin-(1-7): A systematic review of experimental studies.

Animalssize not reported32 studies pooled

Systematic review of animal studies: in 8 of 9 cognitive-deficit models, angiotensin IV and analogs (including dihexa) improved spatial working memory or passive-avoidance performance.

Neurosci Biobehav Rev
✓ Positivesystematic review 2015

Reviewing the safety of GH replacement therapy in adults.

Humans94 studies94 studies pooledRandomized trials

Review of 94 studies concluded GH replacement in adults with severe GH deficiency did not consistently increase diabetes or cancer risk, though data are limited by small samples and lack of controls.

Growth Horm IGF Res
~ Mixedsystematic review 2015

Human recombinant follicle stimulating hormone (rFSH) compared to urinary human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) for ovarian stimulation in assisted reproduction: a literature review and cost evaluation.

No new data13 studies compared in the abstract13 studies pooledRandomized trials

Review of 13 RCTs comparing rFSH and hMG in assisted reproduction: rFSH yielded more oocytes per cycle in 10 of 13 studies, at a similar cost per oocyte.

J Endocrinol Invest
~ Mixedsystematic review 2014

Efficacy and safety of growth hormone treatment in adults with growth hormone deficiency: a systematic review of studies on morbidity.

No new data

In GH-deficient adults, GH appeared to lower cardiovascular and fracture risk, but stroke and secondary brain tumours remained more prevalent; overall malignancy was not increased, with limited follow-up.

Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)
? Inconclusivesystematic review 2014

Oxytocin and autism: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

Humanssize not reported7 RCTs pooled

Review of 7 small autism RCTs (101 participants, medium-high risk of bias): some positive findings on eye gaze and emotion recognition; larger trials needed.

J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol

Human studies 346

✓ Positivehuman RCT 2023

Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes.

Humans18k peopleRandomizedPlacebo-controlledDouble-blindMean follow-up 39.8 months

In 17,604 adults with cardiovascular disease and overweight/obesity but no diabetes (SELECT), weekly semaglutide reduced major cardiovascular events vs placebo (6.5% vs 8.0%; HR 0.80); discontinuation due to adverse events was higher (16.6% vs 8.2%).

N Engl J Med
~ Mixedhuman RCT 2025

Cardiovascular Outcomes with Tirzepatide versus Dulaglutide in Type 2 Diabetes.

Humans13k peopleRandomizedDouble-blind

In 13,165 patients with type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic disease, major cardiovascular events occurred in 13.1% on dulaglutide vs 12.2% on tirzepatide (tirzepatide noninferior, not superior).

N Engl J Med
? Inconclusivehuman RCT 2020

Effect of dulaglutide on cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes: an exploratory analysis of the REWIND trial.

Humans9,901 peopleRandomizedPlacebo-controlledDouble-blindMedian follow-up 5.4 years

Exploratory REWIND analysis: substantive cognitive impairment was not significantly reduced in the main analysis (HR 0.93) but was 14% lower after post-hoc adjustment.

Lancet Neurol
✓ Positivehuman RCT 2019

Dulaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (REWIND): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial.

Humans9,901 peopleRandomizedPlacebo-controlledDouble-blindMedian follow-up 5.4 years

In 9901 people with type 2 diabetes followed 5.4 years, dulaglutide reduced major cardiovascular events (12.0% vs 13.4%; HR 0.88) but not all-cause mortality; GI adverse events 47.4% vs 34.1%.

Lancet
✓ Positivehuman RCT 2014

Adjuvant exemestane with ovarian suppression in premenopausal breast cancer.

Humans4,690 peopleRandomized5 years of therapy; median follow-up 68 months

SOFT/TEXT trials in 4,690 premenopausal women with hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer (ovarian suppression mostly with triptorelin): exemestane plus suppression improved 5-year disease-free survival vs tamoxifen plus suppression (91.1% vs 87.3%); grade 3-4 adverse events ~30% in both arms.

N Engl J Med
~ Mixedhuman RCT 2022

Safety Profile of Bremelanotide Across the Clinical Development Program.

Humans3,500 peopleRandomizedPlacebo-controlledUp to 18 months in phase 3

Integrated safety data (3,500 subjects, 43 studies): nausea 40.0% vs 1.3% placebo, flushing 20.3%, headache 11.3%, injection-site reactions 5.4%; small transient blood-pressure rises; focal hyperpigmentation rare at labeled dosing but in over a third after 16 consecutive daily doses.

J Womens Health (Larchmt)
✓ Positivehuman RCT 2025

Coadministered Cagrilintide and Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity.

Humans3,417 peopleRandomizedPlacebo-controlledDouble-blind68 weeks

In 3417 adults with overweight/obesity without diabetes (REDEFINE 1), cagrilintide plus semaglutide reduced weight by 20.4% at 68 weeks vs 3.0% with placebo; GI adverse events 79.6% vs 39.9%.

N Engl J Med
✗ Negativehuman RCT 2012

Effect of adenosine-regulating agent acadesine on morbidity and mortality associated with coronary artery bypass grafting: the RED-CABG randomized controlled trial.

Humans3,080 peopleRandomizedPlacebo-controlledDouble-blind28 days postoperative

RED-CABG trial (3,080 bypass surgery patients): IV acadesine did not reduce death, stroke or severe heart failure versus placebo (5.1% vs 5.0%); stopped early for futility.

JAMA
✓ Positivehuman RCT 2026

Cagrilintide-semaglutide (CagriSema) versus semaglutide or cagrilintide in people with type 2 diabetes (REIMAGINE 2): a double-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 3 study.

Humans2,713 peopleRandomizedPlacebo-controlledDouble-blind68 weeks

In 2713 people with type 2 diabetes, the combination lowered HbA1c slightly more than semaglutide 2.4 mg alone (-1.91 vs -1.75 points) over 68 weeks; adverse events 86.9% vs 70.5% on placebo, mostly GI.

Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol
✓ Positivehuman RCT 2022

Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity.

Humans2,539 peopleRandomizedPlacebo-controlledDouble-blind72 weeks including 20-week dose escalation

In 2539 adults with obesity without diabetes (SURMOUNT-1), 72 weeks of tirzepatide reduced weight by 15.0-20.9% depending on dose vs 3.1% with placebo; GI events were the most common adverse effects.

N Engl J Med
✓ Positivehuman RCT 2017

3 years of liraglutide versus placebo for type 2 diabetes risk reduction and weight management in individuals with prediabetes: a randomised, double-blind trial.

Humans2,254 peopleRandomizedPlacebo-controlledDouble-blind160 weeks

In 2254 adults with obesity and prediabetes, 3 years of liraglutide 3.0 mg reduced weight by 6.1% vs 1.9% and lowered diabetes onset (2% vs 6%; HR 0.21), though about half of participants withdrew.

Lancet
✓ Positivehuman RCT 2021

Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity.

Humans1,961 peopleRandomizedPlacebo-controlledDouble-blind68 weeks

In 1961 adults with overweight/obesity without diabetes (STEP 1), 68 weeks of semaglutide 2.4 mg produced -14.9% body weight vs -2.4% with placebo; nausea and diarrhea were the most common adverse events.

N Engl J Med
✓ Positivehuman RCT 2021

Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

Humans1,879 peopleRandomizedOpen-label40 weeks

In 1879 people with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-2), tirzepatide lowered HbA1c and weight more than semaglutide 1 mg; nausea 17-22%, diarrhea 13-16%, serious adverse events 5-7% vs 3%.

N Engl J Med
✓ Positivehuman RCT 2001

Effect of parathyroid hormone (1-34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.

Humans1,637 peopleRandomizedPlacebo-controlledMedian 21 months of observation

Pivotal trial in 1,637 postmenopausal women with prior vertebral fractures: daily PTH(1-34) reduced vertebral and non-vertebral fractures and raised spine bone density by 9-13 points vs placebo; side effects were minor (occasional nausea, headache).

N Engl J Med
✓ Positivehuman RCT 2019

Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials.

Humans1,267 peopleRandomizedPlacebo-controlledDouble-blind24 weeks

Two phase 3 RCTs (RECONNECT; 1,267 premenopausal women with HSDD) of 1.75 mg as needed for 24 weeks: desire scores rose (integrated +0.35 vs placebo, P<.001) and distress about low desire fell (-0.33, P<.001); nausea, flushing and headache occurred in 10% or more.

Obstet Gynecol
✓ Positivehuman RCT 2021

Semaglutide 2·4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes (STEP 2): a randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.

Humans1,210 peopleRandomizedPlacebo-controlledDouble-blind68 weeks

In 1210 adults with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes, semaglutide 2.4 mg gave -9.6% body weight vs -3.4% with placebo at 68 weeks; GI adverse events occurred in 63.5% vs 34.3%.

Lancet
✓ Positivehuman RCT 2025

Cagrilintide-Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes.

Humans1,206 peopleRandomizedPlacebo-controlledDouble-blind68 weeks

In 1206 adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes (REDEFINE 2), the combination reduced weight by 13.7% vs 3.4% with placebo; GI adverse events 72.5% vs 34.4%.

N Engl J Med
~ Mixedhuman RCT 2018

Semaglutide versus dulaglutide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 7): a randomised, open-label, phase 3b trial.

Humans1,201 peopleRandomizedOpen-label40 weeks

In 1201 people with type 2 diabetes, dulaglutide lowered HbA1c by 1.1-1.4 points and weight by 2.3-3.0 kg at 40 weeks, both significantly less than semaglutide; GI disorders in 33-48%.

Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol