Home · Research · Mitochondria & energy

NAD+ research

What published studies found for NAD+: 3 papers, 3 in humans, with sample sizes and key results, plus 18 registered clinical trials.

Little or no evidence

Why: No trials of NAD+ itself; only reviews of precursor (NR, NMN) and NADH studies and one uncontrolled NADH report, which are different molecules.

No trials of NAD+ itself (oral, intravenous or injected, the form usually marketed) were found in the papers kept here. What remains is two systematic reviews of NAD+ supplementation (mostly oral precursors, which are different molecules) and one uncontrolled open-label report of NADH in Parkinson's disease, so evidence for NAD+ itself is essentially absent.

✓ 1 positive? 2 inconclusive

Safety data on IV or injected NAD+ itself are essentially absent from the published literature.

US compounding: Compounding allowed (Category 1). NAD and NADH are in 503A Category 1: pharmacies may compound them while FDA evaluates them. Status for every peptide.

Browse and filter these papers NAD+ prices and vendors

Reported side effects

reportedMuscle pain, headache, fatigue or sleep disturbance (mostly mild) [ref]

Registered clinical trials

18 trials of NAD+ on ClinicalTrials.gov: 6 active, 9 completed, 1 with posted results. Registered trials include ones that haven't published yet.

Trial	Status	Phase	People	Sponsor
A Clinical Study of SHR-9839 as Monotherapy or in Combination With Chemotherapy Plus Adebrelimab Versus Chemotherapy Plus Adebrelimab in Patients With Advanced Esophageal Squamous Cell CarcinomaNCT07751341 · started 2026-09-07	Recruiting	Phase 2	84	Suzhou Suncadia Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.
A Clinical Trial to Assess the Absorption, Safety, and Efficacy of an Oral Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) Supplement in Healthy AdultsNCT07692633 · started 2026-08	Not yet recruiting	–	80	Reus Research
Absorption and Tolerability of Injectable Administration of Niagen®+, as Compared to NAD+NCT06919328 · started 2024-10-31	Recruiting	–	70	Nutraceuticals Research Institute
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) Metabolism in Human Brown Adipose TissueNCT06627868 · started 2024-11-20	Recruiting	–	68	University of Turku
Combination Gerotherapeutic Interventions for Healthspan ImprovementNCT07475546 · started 2025-07-23	Active, not recruiting	Phase 3	30	AgelessRx
NAD+ Supplement（NMN）With Radioimmunotherapy in Advanced NSCLCNCT06966583 · started 2025-05-01	Not yet recruiting	Phase 1	20	Sichuan University
Dispatcher-Activated Neighborhood Access Defibrillation and Cardiopulmonary ResuscitationNCT02010151 · started 2015-03 · results posted	Completed	–	3,194	Seoul National University Hospital
Coenzyme Q10 Plus NADH Supplementation in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic EncephalomyelitisNCT03186027 · started 2017-06-28	Completed	–	282	Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron Research Institute
Effectiveness of Qualia NAD+ Supplementation on Intracellular NAD LevelsNCT06505967 · started 2024-07-01	Completed	–	170	Qualia Life Sciences
Effectiveness of Qualia NAD+ Supplementation on NAD LevelsNCT06812416 · started 2023-10-24	Completed	–	92	Qualia Life Sciences
Clinical Trial to Measure the Maximun HR After ReConnect ® Supplementation vs. Placebo in CFS.NCT02063126 · started 2013-01	Completed	Phase 2, Phase 3	80	Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron Research Institute
Comparison of Three Qualia NAD⁺ Formulations on Intracellular NAD⁺ LevelsNCT07132801 · started 2026-04-22	Completed	–	76	Qualia Life Sciences

All 18 NAD+ trials, with countries and recruiting status

Meta-analyses & systematic reviews

✓ Positivesystematic reviewAm J Physiol Endocrinol Metab · 2024

Evaluation of safety and effectiveness of NAD in different clinical conditions: a systematic review.

n = 489 humansSystematic review of randomized clinical trials (Cochrane RoB 2)

Review of 10 RCTs (489 participants) of NADH and precursors: supplementation was well tolerated with reported improvements such as lower anxiety, better muscle insulin sensitivity and quality-of-life measures, though evidence for specific diseases is limited.

Studied: Participants in RCTs across conditions (chronic fatigue syndrome, older adults, Parkinson's, overweight, postmenopausal prediabetes, Alzheimer's)
Main outcome: Safety and clinical effects of NAD+/NADH and precursors
Sample: 10 studies, 489 participants
Authors' conclusion: NADH supplementation appeared safe with low incidence of side effects, and oral NADH may be associated with better quality of life and some health parameters. Future work is needed on specific diseases and doses.
Limitations: Few studies per condition across heterogeneous conditions.

PubMed 37971292 DOI

? Inconclusivesystematic reviewAgeing Res Rev · 2026

NAD⁺ supplementation for anti-aging and wellness: A PRISMA-guided systematic review of preclinical and clinical evidence.

113 studies: 33 human (28 randomized, 5 nonrandomized) and 80 rodentPRISMA-guided systematic review

Review of 33 human and 80 rodent studies: oral NR/NMN raised NAD+ markers and were well tolerated, but functional and healthspan effects were heterogeneous and often null; no outcome trials of IV or IM NAD+ were found.

Studied: Human and rodent intervention studies of NAD-related compounds (NR, NMN, NAD+), Jan 2010-Oct 2025
Main outcome: Metabolic, mitochondrial, inflammatory and functional outcomes; NAD metabolite levels; safety
Authors' conclusion: NAD+ augmentation shows clear biological activity, but clinical effectiveness for anti-aging or wellness remains inconclusive. No eligible trials tested intravenous or intramuscular NAD+ itself; larger, longer randomized trials are needed.
Limitations: Human functional effects heterogeneous and often null; no eligible outcome trials of parenteral NAD+.

PubMed 41655607 DOI

Human studies

? Inconclusivehuman trialActa Neurol Scand Suppl · 1993

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)--a new therapeutic approach to Parkinson's disease. Comparison of oral and parenteral application.

n = 885 humansOpen-label trial comparing intravenous and oral NADH

Open-label, uncontrolled report of 885 Parkinson's patients given IV or oral NADH: about 80% reportedly improved, but there was no control group.

Key resultBeneficial effect in about 80%: 19.3% very good (30-50%) improvement, 58.8% moderate (10-30%), 21.8% no response

Studied: Patients with Parkinson's disease
Compared with: Oral vs parenteral NADH (no placebo)
Main outcome: Improvement of disability
Sample: 885 parkinsonian patients
Authors' conclusion: NADH produced improvement in disability in most patients, with younger patients and shorter disease duration improving more; oral NADH was comparable to parenteral.
Limitations: Open-label, no placebo control.

PubMed 8101414

Verdicts are judged on each paper's own main outcome; grades run from A (strong human evidence) to D (little or none). Details are read from the abstracts, and figures are reproduced only from openly licensed full texts. Not medical advice.