Key papers ✓ 3~ 2? 4

• ~ Mixed human trialAdv Gerontol · 2015

  [EFFECT OF SYNTHETIC PEPTIDES ON AGING OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC POLYMORBIDITY AND ORGANIC BRAIN SYNDROME OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN REMISSION].

  Humans32 peopleNo control group

  Clinical study of Vesugen and Pinealon on biological age

  32 patients with polymorbidity and organic brain syndrome given pinealon and vesugen: authors report improved biological-age indicators, but also prooxidant activity and reduced circulating CD34+ blood stem cells.

  Study details

  Studied

  People aged 41-83 with polymorbidity and organic brain syndrome in remission

  Main outcome

  Biological age indicators, oxidative and hematopoietic markers

  Sample

  32 people (18 men, 12 women)

  Authors' conclusion

  Vesugen and Pinealon had an anabolic effect and slowed biological aging indicators, Vesugen more visibly; prooxidant activity and reduced CD34+ cells were also found. Chromatin condensation was unaffected.

  Limitations

  Small study, no control arm described, no numerical results in the abstract.

  PubMed 26390612
• ? Inconclusive human trialAdv Gerontol · 2012

  [The peptide correction of neurotic disorders among professional truck-drivers].

  Humanssize not reported

  Questionnaire-based comparison with peptide correction

  Study of 150 truck drivers vs 150 metal workers: bioregulator peptides (best with pinealon plus vesugen) reportedly improved psycho-emotional indices; design and controls for the peptide arm are unclear.

  Study details

  Studied

  Professional truck drivers compared with metal craftsmen controls

  Compared with

  Metal craftsmen (control group)

  Main outcome

  Neurotic states and psychoemotional indices

  Sample

  150 male lorry-drivers and 150 male metal craftsmen

  Authors' conclusion

  Bioregulating peptides were reported to restore adaptive potential and improve psychoemotional indices (p < 0.001-0.05); combined pinealon and vezugen had the best effect.

  Limitations

  Peptide-treatment design and group sizes are not clearly described in the abstract.

  PubMed 23734521
• ? Inconclusive human trialAdv Gerontol · 2012

  [Analysis of some parameters of biological age and adaptation possibilities of workers of locomotive brigades].

  Humanssize not reportedNo control groupTwo weeks

  Uncontrolled use of Pinealon, 100 mkg capsule twice daily

  Locomotive crew workers took pinealon for two weeks; authors report improved biological-age and adaptation measures without a described control group.

  Study details

  Studied

  Workers of locomotive brigades

  Main outcome

  Biological age and adaptive reaction indicators

  Sample

  Number of workers not stated

  Authors' conclusion

  The authors report that Pinealon improved biological-age parameters and adaptive reaction indicators and support its use for professional reliability.

  Limitations

  No control group or numerical data in the abstract.

  PubMed 22708445
• ✓ Positive animalInt J Clin Exp Med · 2012

  Pinealon protects the rat offspring from prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia.

  Animalssize not reported

  Animal experiment, pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg) given to pregnant rats

  Pinealon given to pregnant rats with hyperhomocysteinemia improved offspring spatial learning and reduced oxidative stress in their cerebellar neurons.

  Study details

  Studied

  Offspring of rats with methionine-induced hyperhomocysteinemia during pregnancy

  Compared with

  Hyperhomocysteinemic rats without pinealon

  Main outcome

  Offspring spatial learning; ROS and necrotic cells in cerebellar neurons

  Authors' conclusion

  Pinealon improved offspring spatial orientation and learning and reduced ROS accumulation and necrotic neurons, supporting a neuroprotective effect.

  Limitations

  Rat study; no numbers in the abstract.

  PubMed 22567179Free full text
• ~ Mixed animalAdv Gerontol · 2011

  [Effects of introduction of short peptides before carotid artery occlusion on behaviour and caspase-3 activity in the brain of old rats].

  Animalssize not reportedSham/vehicle control

  Comparison of Pinealon and Cortexin before carotid artery occlusion

  In old rats with carotid occlusion, pinealon improved survival but reduced exploratory and motor behaviour and modestly raised caspase-3 activity.

  Study details

  Studied

  Old rats with carotid artery occlusion

  Compared with

  Cortexin; untreated and sham-operated animals

  Main outcome

  Survival, behaviour, brain caspase-3 activity

  Authors' conclusion

  Short peptides increased survival after occlusion; Pinealon increased sleep time but reduced exploratory, motivational and motor behaviour, and moderately raised caspase-3 activity.

  Limitations

  Rat study; no numbers in the abstract; mixed behavioural effects.

  PubMed 21809624
• ✓ Positive in vitroRejuvenation Res · 2011

  Pinealon increases cell viability by suppression of free radical levels and activating proliferative processes.

  Cells / lab

  In vitro study under oxidative stress

  Pinealon reduced reactive oxygen species accumulation and necrotic death in cerebellar neurons, neutrophils and PC12 cells under oxidative stress.

  Study details

  Studied

  Cerebellar granule cells, neutrophils and PC12 cells

  Main outcome

  ROS accumulation, necrotic cell death, ERK 1/2 activation, cell cycle

  Authors' conclusion

  Pinealon restricted ROS accumulation and necrotic death in a dose-dependent manner and modified the cell cycle, suggesting direct interaction with the cell genome beyond antioxidant activity.

  Limitations

  In vitro only.

  DOI 10.1089/rej.2011.1172PubMed 21978084
• ✓ Positive in vitroInt J Mol Sci · 2024

  Short Peptides Protect Fibroblast-Derived Induced Neurons from Age-Related Changes.

  Cells / lab

  In vitro model of neuronal aging testing EDR (pinealon), KED and AEDG peptides

  In neurons derived from elderly donors' fibroblasts, EDR (pinealon) and related peptides increased dendritic branching and EDR reduced oxidative DNA damage.

  Study details

  Studied

  Induced cortical neurons transdifferentiated from dermal fibroblasts of elderly donors

  Compared with

  Untreated induced neurons

  Main outcome

  Dendritic arborization, mitochondria, lysosomes, p16, oxidative DNA damage

  Authors' conclusion

  All peptides promoted dendritic arborization; EDR reduced oxidative DNA damage; tripeptides did not affect mitochondria, lysosomes or p16. Short peptides partially protect induced neurons from age-related changes.

  Limitations

  In vitro cell model only.

  DOI 10.3390/ijms252111363PubMed 39518916Free full text
  Figure 6
• ? Inconclusive animalpreprintbioRxiv · 2026

  Short-Term Performance Assay Identifies Functional Benefits and Early Toxicity of Longevity Interventions in Mice

  Animalssize not reported8 weeks

  Multi-arm preclinical screening assay (preprint) comparing five candidate interventions

  Preprint (not peer-reviewed): In an 8-week mouse screen of five anti-aging candidates, pinealon showed a trend toward improved working memory (Y-maze) without detectable adverse effects; no significant effect was reported.

  Study details

  Studied

  Mice in an 8-week short-term performance screen

  Main outcome

  Body weight, temperature, food intake, grip strength, locomotion, Y-maze cognition, social behavior, blood and urine parameters

  Sample

  Small groups of mice per treatment (pinealon group size not stated in abstract)

  Authors' conclusion

  Pinealon showed a trend toward improved working memory without detectable adverse effects.

  Limitations

  Preprint; short, small screening study; trend only.

  Europe PMC preprint
• ? Inconclusive animalRussian-languageВестник Московского университета. Серия 23. Антропология · 2019

  Влияние трипептида Пинеалона на реабилитацию когнитивных функций в процессе старения на примере макак-резусов (Macaca mulatta)

  Animals2 animalsNo control group10-day oral course

  Uncontrolled before-and-after comparison in the same animals

  In two healthy aged rhesus macaques (developer's institute co-authors), a 10-day oral pinealon course was followed by shorter learning time (p<0.01) and faster motor reactions (p<0.001) in a visual discrimination task; uncontrolled before-after design with n=2.

  Key resultSignificant shortening of learning duration (p<0.01) and of motor reaction time (p<0.001) after pinealon

  Study details

  Studied

  Healthy aging rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

  Compared with

  Same animals before treatment

  Main outcome

  Learning speed and success, motor reaction time, attention in a visual discrimination task

  Sample

  2 healthy rhesus macaques (13±0.9 years)

  Authors' conclusion

  The authors concluded pinealon improved selective attention and spatial orientation and shortened motor reaction time in aging macaques.

  Limitations

  Only 2 animals, no control group, co-authors from the developer's institute.

  CyberLeninka (Russian)

Reported side effects

• reportedReduced circulating CD34+ hematopoietic cells and prooxidant activity (lab findings, with vesugen) [ref]

Human data come from small, uncontrolled studies; no systematic adverse-event reporting.

✓ positive · ✗ negative · ~ mixed · ? inconclusive, judged on each paper's own main outcome. Grades: A strong human evidence → D little or none. Papers and verdicts are drawn from PubMed, Europe PMC and Russian journals (CyberLeninka); not medical advice.